关系代词指的是代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。关系代词用来引导定语从句
1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,
例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that可指人也可指物,见下:
限定性指人 非限定性指物 限定性指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 who mthat that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。
(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。
(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
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3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
4)but,as,than作关系代词引导定语从句
but既可指人,也可指物,常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含"否定"的意思,其作用相当于"that /which /who...not"。
它前面的主句通常有"否定"的词(如:no,not,little,few,hardly等)。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用,达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。
可以省略的关系代词:
1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。
Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.
2.当that在从句中作补语时可以省略。
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
3.在there be结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现there be时,用作主语的关系代词也可省略。
This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.
4.状语的省略
(1)当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。
That is the reason (why) I did it.
(2)当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。
I don't know the way(in which/that)leads to the top of the mountains.
(3)当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when,that或省略。
I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.
注意:关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。
不能省略关系代词的情况:
(1)在介词+whom与介词+which中,whom,which不能省略。
That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.
(2)在非限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词也不能省略。
The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.
(3)在the same...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作宾语,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as)
This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个)
(4)当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,第一个关系代词可省,但第二,第三个不可省略。
This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.
教大家一个笨方法,当需要用到关系代词的时候,如果自己无法判断是否可以省略关系代词,可以都不省略。只要其他语法机构完整无误,句子形式仍旧正确。
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