独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)由两部分组成,前一部分是名词或者代词,后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中作状语,多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的及状态等。
1、独立主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;
名词(代词)+形容词;
名词(代词)+副词;
名词(代词)+不定式;
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
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2、独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.= If weather permits we are going to visit you tomorrow, 如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. = when this was to be done , we went home工作完成后,我们才回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. = 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. =他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
3、With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.
The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back。
with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系
特殊情况注意:
1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题:
当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但with的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。
2)当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
Weather permitting,we'll go out for a walk.
句中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。
类似这类情况下,如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后将if去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
关于独立主格结构,尤其是在阅读和写作当中,为了呈现句式层次多变,形式内容更加更丰富,适当的选择把一些状语从句形式可以转换成独立主格结构形式,会增加文章的文采,更加彰显语言功底,并且使得语言更加简练。
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